Potsdam, city, capital of Brandenburg Land, eastern Germany. Lying on the southwest border of Berlin, it is sited where the Nuthe River flows into the Havel River, the confluence becoming a series of lakes.

First mentioned in 993 as a Slavic settlement known as Poztupimi, it received its charter in 1317. It became Brandenburg’s electoral residence in 1640 under Frederick William (the Great Elector) and the Prussian royal residence under Frederick II (the Great), during whose reign (1740–86) it was an intellectual and military centre and virtual capital of Prussia. In the 18th century a colony of Dutch immigrants gave their quarter of the city, and some other parts as well, a distinctly Dutch flavour. Potsdam suffered severe damage in World War II, but many monuments survived and others have been restored. The Cecilienhof Palace was the scene of the Potsdam Conference of the Allied leaders, it now houses a museum and a memorial, as well as a hotel. From 1952 to 1990 the city was capital of the Potsdam Bezirk (district) of East Germany.

The city was once an industrial centre, but its economy is now dominated by services, including administration, retail, education, film production, and tourism. The incorporated suburb of Babelsberg is a centre of the German film industry. Landmarks include the Sanssouci Palace, a masterpiece of German Rococo architecture with grounds that extend for more than 700 acres, the Neue Kammern, the Bildergalerie, the Orangerie, and the Neues Palais. The St. Nicholas Church and the Brandenburg Gate escaped serious damage during World War II. Potsdam’s palaces and their large, beautifully landscaped parks were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1990. The city is the seat of the University of Potsdam founded in 1991. It is also the site of several observatories and the Max Planck Institutes of Colloids and Interfaces, Gravitational Physics, and Molecular Plant Physiology. Potsdam has army, prehistory, and film museums, and Biosphere Potsdam features some 20,000 plants.